Discovery Framework

Ending Global Slavery: Everyday Heroes Leading the Way

BARRIERS

Barriers are core components of the problem that, if changed, could allow for a true paradigm shift. Barriers are not market conditions or underlying causes that merely describe a situation. They must be moveable and specific to the problem.

Vulnerability of targeted populations. Poverty and cultural isolation make groups vulnerable to the con artists who abduct them or their children. Once trafficked, individuals are incredibly vulnerable to re-entering the system again.

Invisibility of problem. Trafficked individuals might be seen in public, but the nature of their enslavement remains hidden. Those enslaved are often afraid to seek help, fearing reprisal if they do not have documentation or have been coerced into illegal activity.

Inadequate governmentt response/action. Governments criminalize the victims, do not have enough resources or the right tactics to discover trafficking rings, and pursue policies that marginalize vulnerable groups. Corrupt officials paid by trafficking rings also play a role in lack of enforcement.

Cultural acceptance of enslavement. Deep-seated traditions and assumptions (for instance around domestic servants or prostitution) can engender apathy or a belief that the status quo is acceptable

Profitability of slavery. Demand for products that use slavery to produce them, whether chocolate bars, woven rugs, or clothing, perpetuate enslavement. Slaves are (unsurprisingly) the cheapest form of labor on the planet, at a cost of about 90 USD on average, according to Free The Slaves. The lack of enforcement and low likelihood of being caught increase the ease of profiteering from slavery, compared with other illegal markets.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Design principles are distilled from the work of leading social entrepreneurs. They do not encompass tools (like technology or education) nor do they name specific organization-level approaches. They are clarifying insights that identify levers of change.

Increase community resilience. Communities that are thriving economically have less reason to send their sons and daughters away to earn money elsewhere, and so are less susceptible to the schemes of brokers who promise lucrative employment and in reality sell children to industry or into prostitution. Increasing public awareness of these tactics can help families resist becoming easy prey. Awareness can also lessen the shame and fear of blame that prevents victims from coming forward.

Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness. Creating community networks, whether those serve as peer governance to discourage families from selling their children, or as informal policing strategies to inform on trafficking rings, are crucial to expose this hidden crime. These efforts are becoming increasingly sophisticated, using technology and the Internet to track lost children and expose fake businesses that front for traffickers.

Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce. Whether in the informal economy or in industries driven by major corporations, the presence of slavery is often hidden. Efforts to track supply chains to the source and show the use of slaves, or the exposure of the prevalence of slavery in work at the margins (such as domestic servitude and prostitution) can lead to different choices from consumers, from industry and from law enforcement.

Expand legal access and frameworks. Re-defining classes of labor, unionizing, or including marginalized non-citizens in legal battles are all tactics that broaden the ability of society to address the crime of slavery and protect vulnerable populations.

SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF MOSAIC CASES

1. Name: Agatha Chukwueke-Nnaji
   Organization: Dewdrop Foundation
   Country: Nigeria
   Mosaic Position: Profitability of slavery / Expand legal access and frameworks
   http://www.dewdropfoundation.org
   Ashoka Fellow Agatha Chukwueke-Nnaji is combating the evils of forced labor, human trafficking and other abuse of domestic and low-grade hotel employees in Nigeria, by professionalizing the hospitality industry through job skills training, standardizing employee-employer relations, and advocacy work. She has established a domestic and hotel/restaurant services program to train workers and assist them with finding secure jobs in the hospitality and domestic service sectors. Chukwueke-Nnaji is reducing exploitation by unionizing workers, providing employers with a code of conduct, mediating in employer/employee disputes, advocating for protective legislation and reporting violent employers to appropriate authorities. Working through her organization, the Dewdrop Foundation, she is creating employment standards for the service sector crucial for revitalizing Nigeria’s informal economy.
   

2. Name: Man Bahadur Chhetri
   Organization: FNC / Friends of Needy Children
   Country: Nepal
   Mosaic Position: Cultural acceptance of enslavement / Expand legal access and frameworks
   http://www.fncnepal.org
   In Nepal, Ashoka Fellow Man Bahadur Chhetri is combating the deeply entrenched tradition of Kamlari Pratha or bonded labor wherein impoverished families send their daughters to work as indentured labor for wealthy families. He uses the law to penalize employers on the one hand, and equips the girls and their families to fight the economic and cultural dependency that reinforces this bondage, on the other hand. The organization identifies cases and takes legal action against employers; rescues girls and rehabilitates them with education; breaks the family’s economic dependence with income-generating programs; and works intensively with communities, media, and youth groups to build regional and national resistance to bonded labor.  
   

3. Name: Sohini Chakraborty
   Organization: Sanved
   Country: India
   Mosaic Position: Cultural acceptance of enslavement / Increase community resilience
   http://kolkatasanved.org/
   In India, through a rehabiliation program founded on dance and self-expression, Ashoka Fellow Sohini Chakraborty is helping young girls who have been rescued from forced prostitution to integrate into mainstream society on an equal footing. Chakraborty’s organization Sanved uses physical expression as the building block of the healing process since the abuse suffered is demonstrably physical and causes many of the girls to disassociate from their bodies. Using dance and cultural expression as the core, the Sanved approach combines group facilitation, improvisation skills, rights education, and interpersonal communication to enable child prostitutes to move past the trauma of their early years, shed their self-loathing, and regain self-confidence. Chakraborty works through citizen groups and state-run institutions. Ultimately, the children themselves become advocates for their cause, many going on to become trainers and peer educators at Sanved.
   

4. Name: Casimera Rodriguez
   Organization: Cochabamba Home Worker’s Union
   Country: Bolivia
   Mosaic Position: Vulnerability of targeted populations / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
   In Bolivia, where women domestic help have traditionally resigned themselves to work conditions characterized by violence and discrimination, Ashoka Fellow Casimera Rodriguez is empwering them to alter this situation. Focusing on changing the way society views them, this former domsetic worker sensitizes employers, raises public awareness, and educates misinformed indigenous rural families who send their daughters to the cities in the hope of a better life. Rodriguez also creates surrogate communities to support and empower domestic workers far from their homes. In 1987 she set up the Cochabamba Home Worker’s Union, which morphed into a national organization that works actively to secure and protect the rights of domestic labor. From 2006-07 Rodriguez was Bolivia’s Justice Minister - thus becoming the first indigenous Quecha Indian woman to serve in the Cabinet.
   

5. Name: Hasina Kharbhih
   Organization: Impulse NGO Network (INGON)
   Country: India
   Mosaic Position: Inadequate government response/action / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
   Ashoka Fellow Hasina Kharbhih has created the Meghalaya Model, a comprehensive tracking system that successfully brings together the state government, security agencies, legal groups, media, and citizen organizations to combat the cross-border trafficking of children in the porous northeastern states of India. The Model is a single comprehensive strategic plan that can be adopted by all state agencies and citizen organizations in the region and on the nearby crossings to Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, and Bangladesh. It enables government and citizen groups to jointly implement the “three Ps” - prevention, protection, and prosecution; and the “three Rs” - rescue, relief, and rehabilitation. The Meghalaya model is one of the best practice models included in the South Asian Regional Initiative/Equity study by Management System International in Washington and supported by USAID for replication in South East Asia.
   

6. Name: Leonardo Sakamoto
   Organization: Reporters Brasil
   Country: Brazil
   Mosaic Position: Profitability of slavery / Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce
   Ashoka Fellow Leonardo Sakamoto’s innovative approach to combat slave labor in Brazil takes the issue out of the realm of the historical anti-slave movement and aligns it instead with modern-day worker’s rights in the context of agrarian expansion in Brazil. Through this re-contextualizing he has successfully fashioned an effective, market-based strategy to address the problem. He has focused on and managed to engage the private sector in mapping the chain of products from farms known to practice slave labor. As a result of this mapping, more than 100 big companies, national and international, cancelled their contracts with these suppliers whilst also signing the National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labor. Sakamoto and his organization Reporter Brasil work alongside the Federal Government to prepare legislation related to labor crimes.
   

7. Name: Roma Debabrata
   Organization: STOP
   Country: India
   Mosaic Position: Invisibility of Problem / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
   http://www.stopindia.org/
   In India, working through her organization STOP, Ashoka Fellow Roma Debabrata is combating the trafficking of women and children belonging to urban migrant populations by creating an informal policing system within these communities. With her help, migrants located in India’s towns and cities morph into informed, vigilant investigators, effective at gathering and handling information critical to rescue efforts and arrests. Debabrata focuses on training citizens to serve as leaders and liaisons to the rest of the community, spreading useful information and developing a community-wide effort to reduce trafficking. STOP enables communities and local law enforcement to function in a collaborative, mutually reinforcing effort that brings together the knowledge of community members and the legal authority of police.
   

8. Name: Maria Pakpahan
   Organization: Yayasan Tjoet Njak Dien Yogyakarta
   Country: Indonesia
   Mosaic Position: Vulnerability of targeted populations / Expand legal access and frameworks
   In Indonesia, Ashoka Fellow Maria Pakpahan and her organization Yayasan Tjoet Njak Dien Yogyakarta are working to ensure household "servants" be recognized as workers with all the rights and support of workers in other sectors. Pakpahan is doing this by focusing on the formulation and passage of a law on the rights of domestic workers, empowerment of the women themselves to establish a trade union, and socialization of a contract for domestic workers. Training and other outreach programs held in locations from which many of the women originate are designed to upgrade their job skills, and also to help them become better informed regarding their rights and responsibilities, and equipped for the cultural adjustment to urban life.
   

9. Name: Siriwan Vongkietpaisan
   Organization: S.R.Law
   Country: Thailand
   Mosaic Position: Invisibility of Problem/ Expand legal access and frameworks
   Ashoka Fellow Siriwan Vongkietpaisan is reducing human trafficking and labor abuses, while establishing more protections for the rights of migrant workers in Thailand. By focusing on precedent-setting legal cases, education, and network building of monitoring groups, this lawyer and her law firm, S.R.Law, are reforming discriminatory laws, bringing traffickers to justice, and ensuring that poor, disenfranchized groups in Thailand have access to the legal system Working at the public level with legal aid and lobbying, Vongkietpaisan has initiated an awareness and education campaign to inform and educate people about human rights abuses in the region. She has also begun developing a network of similar organizations that lobby collectively for policy reform across Asia.
   

10. Organization: Global March Against Child Labor
    Country: International
    Mosaic Position: Inadequate government response/action / Increase community resilience
    http://www.globalmarch.org
    The Global March Against Child Labor is a movement to mobilize worldwide efforts to protect and promote the rights of all children, especially the right for every child to receive a free, meaningful education, be liberated from economic exploitation and from performing work that may harm his/her physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. Beginning as a worldwide march where thousands of participants voiced their unanimous protest against child labor, the March culminated at the 1998 Geneva ILO conference and resulted ultimately in the drafting of the ILO Conventions 138 and 182 against the worst forms of child labor. The Global March works on a three-pronged strategy focusing on the elimination of child labor, education for all, and poverty alleviation.
    

11. Organization: International Organization for Adolescents (IOFA)
    Country: Eastern Europe
    Mosaic Position: Profitability of slavery / Increase community resilience
    http://www.iofa.org
    International Organization for Adolescents (IOFA) has developed several effective anti-trafficking program models at the local, national, and international levels that arm communities in Eastern Europe to resist and combat trafficking forces. Programs focus on prevention of human trafficking, protection of victims, and fostering of multi-sectoral collaboration necessary for identification and prosecution of traffickers. Projects for the Prevention of Adolescent Trafficking in Latvia and Estonia (PPAT-Latvia, PPAT-Estonia) both function to increase adolescents' awareness of human trafficking and forced labor through safe migration education. Prevention, Investigation, and Repatriation of Victims of Human Trafficking in Latvia (PIR) provides human trafficking and collaborative problem-solving training to encourage cooperation among law enforcement officials and civil society organizations in combating trafficking. The Anti-Trafficking Journalism Training Program for South Eastern Europe is designed to raise awareness of human trafficking among influential media makers, and create sustainable changes in the media environment with regard to human trafficking coverage.
    

12. Organization: Rugmark Foundation India
    Country: India
    Mosaic Position: Cultural acceptance of enslavement / Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce
    http://www.rugmarkindia.org
    Rugmark is combating child labor in the carpet industry by providing a market incentive for manufacturers to employ only skilled, adult artisans. The incentive is in the form of the Rugmark label - a certification trademark that assures importers and buyers that carpets with this label have been manufactured/exported by a company that has committed itself to work without illegal child labor, and which is subject to an effective surveillance mechanism. To earn the right to place the Rugmark label on their products carpet producers and importers agree to adhere to strict no-child-labor guidelines and to permitting random inspections of their carpet looms. With consumers increasingly factoring in ethical considerations when making purchases, the Rugmark label is an assurance that their purchase is indeed an ethical one. For sellers, this translates into more sales when their products have this label. Rugmark was the Indian rug industry's own initiative - to provide independent, ethical accreditation that both reassured consumers, and also provided better training and conditions for workers in the handmade rug industry.
    

13. Organization: Global Workers Justice Alliance
    Country: USA and Central America
    Mosaic Position: Inadequate government response/action / Expand legal access and frameworks
    http://www.globalworkers.org/
    The Global Workers Justice Alliance combats migrant worker exploitation by promoting portable justice for transnational migrants through a cross-border network of worker advocates and resources. Driven by the belief that global workers need global justice, and aware that without advocates supporting each other to provide a continuum of legal representation, migrant workers will continue to be used and abused within the globalized economy, Global Workers brings host-country advocates together with their sending-country counterparts to collaborate successfully on concrete cases and policy reform on behalf of migrant workers. Simultaneously, it focuses on advocacy for legal and policy reform on obstacles to transnational access to justice as well as the promotion of international law in domestic cases and utilization of regional and international bodies. The project is launching in the USA, Mexico and Guatemala and will eventually expand into other transnational migratory streams.
    

14. Organization: La Strada International
    Country: Europe, with headquarters in the Netherlands
    Mosaic Position: Invisibility of Problem / Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce
    http://www.lastradainternational.org
    Founded in Poland and now operating in nine other European countries, La Strada uses the power of information as one of its most effective strategies in battling the widespread trafficking of women from Central and Eastern Europe. Its Prevention & Education Campaign addresses the potential victims of trafficking through leaflets, lectures, video presentations and school visits in order to educate them on the dangers of trafficking. This includes alerting them to methods used by traffickers to lure victims (such as false advertisements for au pair and waitress posts) and the how-tos avoiding such traps. In addition, La Strada operates a telephone hotline that offers advice and reliable information to women considering migration to Western Europe.
    

15. Organization: Not for Sale Campaign
    Country: International
    Mosaic Position: Cultural acceptance of enslavement / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
    http://www.notforsalecampaign.org
    Not for Sale is a campaign of students, entrepreneurs, artists, people of faith, athletes, law enforcement officers, politicians, social workers, skilled professionals, and all justice seekers, united to fight the global slave trade. Not for Sale aims to educate and mobilize an international abolitionist movement through the innovation and implementation of open-source activism. Inside the United States, the campaign identifies trafficking rings and collaborates with local law enforcement and community groups to shut them down and provide support for the victims. Internationally, the campaign partners with poorly resourced abolitionist groups to enhance their capacity. To publicize its mission and activities the campaign secures endorsements and active participation from celebrities.
    

16. Organization: TransFair USA
    Country: USA
    Mosaic Position: Cultural acceptance of enslavement / Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce
    http://www.transfairusa.org
    TransFair USA, the only third-party certifier of Fair Trade products in the United States, audits transactions between US companies offering Fair Trade Certified products and the international suppliers from whom they source, in order to guarantee that the farmers and farm workers behind Fair Trade Certified goods were paid a fair, above-market price. Through this certification and active ongoing consumer education campaigns on the subject, TransFair enables consumers to realize and use their power in the marketplace to make a positive difference - “vote with their dollar for a better world.” TransFair is broadening the scope of Fair Trade from just a market to a social movement that truly empowers consumers to make meaningful choices.
    

17. Organization: The Cocoa Protocol
    Country: International
    Mosaic Position: Inadequate government response/action / Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce
    http://www.freetheslaves.net
    The Cocoa Protocol is a unique treaty between a whole industry—the chocolate industry—and consumers, labor unions and human rights groups to work together to remove slavery from its products. This historical breakthrough in the way the anti-slavery movement meets the challenge of slavery in the products that ultimately reach consumers was kick-started by US Congress staff designing the Protocol and representatives of all major chocolate companies, labor unions, consumer groups, anti-slavery groups, and anti-child labor groups agreeing to cooperate to expunge slavery out of the cocoa product chain. The Protocol envisions working through three main instruments: research; an independent foundation— the International Cocoa Initiative—with coordination and watchdog roles; and a monitoring system to certify that cocoa is slave-free, help identified slaves to rebuild lives in alternative work conditions, and to support initiatives that address the socio-economic factors that promote slavery.
    

18. Organization: The Hub
    Country: USA
    Mosaic Position: Invisibility of Problem / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
    http://hub.witness.org/en/AboutHub
    A project of Witness—an international human rights organization that uses video and online technologies like U-Tube to open the eyes of the world to human rights violations—The Hub is the world's first participatory media site for human rights. It offers a secure, open and participatory online platform for human rights media where individuals, organizations, networks and groups around the world can both upload their videos, audio or photos, and provides adequate context to connect with other individuals and groups working to protect and promote human rights, and mobilize others to take action. Users include rights workers, students, academics, filmmakers, journalists, activists, teachers, and concerned citizens worldwide. Working together, this interactive community is able to bring human rights stories and campaigns to global attention
    

19. Name: Esohe Aghatise
    Organization: Associazione IROKO Onlus
    Country: Italy
    Mosaic Position: Profitability of slavery / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
    http://www.associazioneiroko.org
    Esohe Aghatise works to help the victims of sex trafficking in Turin, Italy, and her native Nigeria—the main country of origin for women and girls who are sold into prostitution in Italy. Her organization Associazione IROKO Onlus provides protected accommodations, counseling, legal and psychological support, food and basic job training.  IROKO also carries out primary research on trafficking and violence against women and children. An important IROKO initiative designed to stem the demand for prostitution is a school program in Turin that educates youth between the ages of 15 to 19 on gender relations and male demand as a key factor in the sexual enslavement of women.
    

20. Name: Sompop Jantraka
    Organization: Daughter's Education Program (DEP)
    Country: Thailand
    Mosaic Position: Vulnerability of targeted populations / Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce
    www.depdc.org/index_eng.html
    In a country where prostitution is big business, Ashoka Fellow Sompop Jantraka's Daughter's Education Program (DEP) has pioneered a preemptive approach to prevent sex trafficking of girls in Thailand that intervenes just before parents make the crucial decision to sell their daughters to brothel owners. Typically, networks of agents representing brothels infiltrate Thai villages, sniffing out financially troubled families with young daughters. By stepping in at this juncture to provide alternative life choices to the girls, DEP is removing large numbers of potential prostitutes from the supply chain, thus severely undercutting the flourishing market. Using its own intelligence network, DEP approaches vulnerable families with the aim to develop, educate, and protect. It runs camps, counseling sessions and vocational alternatives. Gradually, the girls undergo a change in self-perception and reach a point when they can resist their own sale into prostitution, even if it means leaving home and building new lives with DEP support. Jantraka has been nominated twice for the Nobel Peace Prize and was recognized by Time magazine in 2002 as one of the "25 Living Heros in Asia."
    

21. Name: Derek Ellerman
    Organization: Polaris Project
    Country: USA
    Mosaic Principle: Profitability of slavery / Expose slavery’s hidden role in commerce
    http://www.polarisproject.org, http://www.humantrafficking.com
    Ashoka Fellow Derek Ellerman's Polaris Project is creating a citizen movement to stop the annual trafficking of more than 20,000 women and 100,000 children in the United States. Market forces that demand cheap commercial sex and that provide suppliers with the opportunity to make huge earnings, with relatively low risk, drive the sex trafficking industry. Undermining these market forces requires a substantial shift in many anti-trafficking programs: the Polaris project attacks the traffickers' twin incentives of high profits and low risk of prosecution. Polaris is lobbying for state laws modeled on U.S. federal anti-trafficking law that includes provisions for seizure and forfeiture of traffickers' assets. This constitutes a financial incentive for law enforcement agencies, while it simultaneously raises the risk to traffickers. Finally, it ends up providing the additional revenues required to support sexual victims of trafficking.
    

22. Name: Parshuram M.L.
    Organization: Odanadi
    Country: India
    Mosaic Principle: Cultural acceptance of enslavement / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
    http://www.geocities.com/odanadisevatrust/
    Ashoka Fellow Parshuram M.L.'s organization, Odanadi, is fighting child trafficking in India by attacking both supply and demand factors that fuel this trade. By arming poor rural communities with awareness and information, Odanadi is making them less vulnerable to traffickers' scams for procuring their children and so chokes supply. Simultaneously, a no-holds-barred public campaign exposing trafficking rings and the extent and horrors of the trade is severely cramping demand, and serving as a wake-up call to society. Odanadi has commissioned all stakeholders in its anti-trafficking war. Local government bodies are trained to become watchdog networks capable of preventing abductions and rescuing victims. An aggressive publicity campaign conducted through the media and the arts, involving ordinary citizens and artistes and sponsored by local businesses, is ensuring exposure of the guilty and forcing society to acknowledge the issue and be sensitized to the plight of victims. Simultaneously, Odanadi provides rehabilitation services for the rescued.
    

23. Name: Sunitha Krishnan
    Organization: Prajwala
    Country: India
    Mosaic Principle: Invisibility of problem / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
    http://www.prajwalaindia.com
    Ashoka Fellow Sunitha Krishnan is challenging the turned eye of the state that results in dysfunctional safe houses for children rescued from commercial sexual and other exploitation. Such transit homes are typically mismanaged and often, the children are abused by those managing the institutions as well as by their own peer group. A high percentage of kids end up back where they came from: the streets or brothels. Through her organization, Prajwala, she is playing a facilitative and catalytic role in getting India's government and citizen organizations to jointly manage a slew of protective and rehabilitative services for sexually trafficked children. This joint management and mutual accountability between the state and the civil sector candidly piggybacks on the former's financial clout and considerable legal and political infrastructure. Being an anti-trafficking, anti-legalization, and anti-licensing organization, Prajwala has been working with the state on anti-trafficking policies and has also chalked out a stepwise approach for government implementation. Victim-friendly protocols on rescue, compensation, protection, and rehabilitation have been drawn up and are currently being reviewed by the Supreme Court.
    

24. Organization: Toronto Crime Stoppers
    Country: Canada
    Mosaic Principle: Inadequate government response/action / Mobilize peer groups and communities to raise awareness
    http://www.222tips.com/
    Toronto police have introduced social networking and video-sharing technologies such as Facebook and YouTube to the 20-year-old Crime Stopper Program in order to increase opportunities for community vigilance and reporting crime. The Crime Stoppers program, begun as an anonymous tips hotline and honored every January during Crime Stoppers Month, also includes school visits and community-building youth activities such as legal graffiti art and extreme-sports events. By engaging technologies available on the Internet, the police have been able to prevent, and raise awareness of crimes committed against peers. Facebook groups offered by Toronto Crime Stoppers include, "Cash for Guns," and "Online Bicycle Registration." Additionally, officers have been able to use the social networking platforms to appeal to those who have been victims. On YouTube, a Russian-speaking officer is shown appealing to women who have been lured to Canada as part of prostitution ring.
    

25. Name: Peter Wahome
    Country: Kenya
    Mosaic principle: Increase community resilience / Vulnerability of targeted populations
    Ashoka Fellow Peter Wahome is developing a new approach to tourism that promotes cross-cultural understanding and sustainable local economies by combining the tourism and crafts sector. In 1988 Peter founded the Crafts Village of Kenya, a grassroots, self-help organization of 50 crafts-producing groups in urban, semi-urban, and rural settings. The village aims to help crafts producers improve and develop products, while working collectively to improve their communities. The community develops meaningful economic activity, while preserving their cultural heritage, and appealing to tourists as a culturally sensitive attraction. Peter has also helped to explore fair-trade marketing channels for the crafts, collaborating with the International Federation for Alternative Trade and other fair-trade groups to market products in Europe and the United States. He is already in the advanced stages of developing a product-design unit to help refine the craft products to appeal to a greater market.
    http://www.peopletopeopletourism.com/